[Federal Register: April 13, 2004 (Volume 69, Number 71)]
[Notices]
[Page 19644-19673]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr13ap04-142]

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs

AGENCY: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Revised mandatory guidelines.

SUMMARY: The Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS" or "Department") is establishing standards for determining the validity of urine specimens collected under the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. These standards ensure that specimen validity testing (SVT) and reporting procedures are uniformly applied to all Federal agency urine specimens when a validity test is conducted.

DATES: Effective Date: November 1, 2004.
Comment Date: Submit comments on or before June 14, 2004.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by (insert docket number and/or RIN number), by any of the following methods:
E-mail: wvogl@samhsa.gov. Include docket number and/or RIN number in the subject line of the message.
Fax: 301-443-3031.
Mail: 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockwall II, Suite 815, Rockville, Maryland 20857.
Hand Delivery/Courier: 5515 Security Lane, Suite 815, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name and docket number or Regulatory Information Number (RIN) for this rulemaking. All comments will be available for public review at 5515 Security Lane, Suite 815, Rockville, Maryland 20852.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Walter F. Vogl, Ph.D., Division of Workplace Programs, CSAP, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockwall II, Suite 815, Rockville, Maryland 20857, telephone (301) 443-6014, fax (301) 443-3031, or e-mail: wvogl@samhsa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

The Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs (Mandatory Guidelines) establish the scientific and technical guidelines for Federal workplace drug testing programs and standards for certification of laboratories engaged in urine drug testing for Federal agencies, under authority of section 503 of Pub. L. 100-71, 5 U.S.C. 7301 note, and E. O. No. 12564. The Mandatory Guidelines were first published in the Federal Register on April 11, 1988 (53 FR 11979), and revised on June 9, 1994 (59 FR 29908), and on November 13, 1998 (63 FR 63483).

The Department is revising the Mandatory Guidelines here concerning the determination of the validity of urine specimens. In another document published along with this revision, the Department is proposing to revise the Mandatory Guidelines again to add alternative specimens, instrumented initial test facilities, and point of collection testing.

The alternative specimen proposal will be subject to a 90-day comment period after which the Department will consider the comments received and issue a final revision. Until the final revision on alternative specimens is issued, the Mandatory Guidelines as contained in this revision govern.

This revision becomes effective 180 days after the date of publication so that laboratories have an opportunity to purchase and become familiar with testing equipment to be used in assessing the validity of a urine specimen.

The revision of the Guidelines is subject to further comment only on the creatinine criterion that is part of the requirement to report a urine specimen as substituted because the Department has based this criterion on information received after the comment period closed on October 22, 2001.

II. Summary of the Proposed Revised Mandatory Guidelines

On August 21, 2001, HHS published a notice in the Federal Register (66 FR 43876), proposing that the Mandatory Guidelines be revised to include standards for determining the validity of urine specimens collected by Federal agencies under the Federal Workplace Drug Testing Program. These proposed revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines establish the analytical standards for determining the validity of urine specimens in order to ensure that SVT and reporting procedures are uniformly applied to all Federal agency urine specimens. Set forth below is a description of the major provisions of the proposed revision of the Mandatory Guidelines, including, among other things, definitions for certain terms associated with SVT, a discussion of the specific SVT requirements and how validity testing results should be reported, clarification of the qualifications and responsibilities of a Medical Review Officer (MRO), how a donor may challenge the accuracy of a validity testing result, and an expansion of the existing performance testing program and laboratory inspection program.

Provisions of the Proposed Revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines

1. Definitions

The proposed revisions added definitions specifically associated with specimen validity testing. These include the definitions for adulterated specimen, confirmatory validity test, dilute specimen, initial validity test, invalid result, non-negative specimen, oxidizing adulterant, and substituted specimen.

2. SVT Requirement

The proposed revisions require each Federal agency to have specimen validity tests conducted on all urine specimens collected under the Mandatory Guidelines.

3. Split Specimen Testing

The proposed revisions grant the donor the right to request that a split (Bottle B) specimen be tested to confirm an adulteration or substitution result that was reported by the primary laboratory on the primary (Bottle A) specimen.

4. SVT Reporting Criteria

The proposed revisions add a new section, entitled "Validity Testing," to the Mandatory Guidelines. The new section requires a laboratory to conduct validity testing and establishes the criteria that must be used by a laboratory to report a specimen as adulterated, substituted, invalid, or dilute.

5. Cutoff Levels

The proposed revisions establish a pH cutoff for reporting a specimen as adulterated and establish a creatinine cutoff and a specific gravity cutoff for reporting a specimen as substituted. The creatinine concentration cutoff is proposed to be less than 5 mg/dL. The specific gravity cutoff is proposed to be less than 1.002. The pH cutoff is proposed to be less than 3.

6. Retesting

The proposed revisions require a second laboratory to conduct validity tests when it is unable to reconfirm the drug or drug metabolite that was originally reported positive in a single specimen or primary (Bottle A) specimen. The proposed revisions also add criteria for retesting a specimen for adulterants and substitution.

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7. Quality Control

The proposed revisions establish specific quality control criteria and other procedural and test requirements for performing each individual validity test.

8. MRO Qualifications and Duties

The proposed revisions clarify the qualifications and responsibilities of the MRO and expand the MRO's duties to review adulteration, substitution, and invalid test results reported by a
laboratory.

9. Donor's Right To Challenge Results

The proposed revisions provide that a donor has the same right to challenge the accuracy of a positive, adulterated, or substituted result reported for a single specimen collection as for a split specimen collection.

10. HHS Notification of Results

The proposed revisions state that an MRO will notify the designated regulatory office that is responsible for the laboratory certification program when a second laboratory fails to reconfirm a positive, adulterated, or substituted result reported by a first laboratory.

11. Performance Testing and Laboratory Inspection Programs

The proposed revisions expand the performance testing program and the laboratory inspection program. The performance testing program will include performance testing samples to challenge each certified laboratory's ability to correctly perform validity tests. The inspection program will include inspecting and evaluating the SVT procedures used by the laboratories in a manner similar to that for all other laboratory operations.

III. Summary of Public Comments and HHS's Response

The August 21, 2001, Federal Register notice proposing revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines set forth a 60-day public comment period, ending on October 22, 2001. During the public comment period, the terrorist strikes of September 11 occurred, which have demanded a new focus and resolve from our government and citizens, that continue undiminished to date. Initially, there was concern that the public comment period would need to be extended, or that some comments might be delayed due to temporary disruptions in the delivery of documents. In light of the national emergency, the Department determined that public comments would be considered, even if they were received a few days after the formal ending date. That proved to be unnecessary. The Department received 23 public comments by October 22nd on the proposed changes from Federal agencies, individuals, organizations, laboratories, and companies that were then made available for public view on our Internet Web site (www.drugfreeworkplace.gov). All written comments were reviewed and taken into consideration in the preparation of the revised Mandatory Guidelines. Set forth below is an overview of the various comments and recommendations received and the Department's responses to those concerns. Similar comments are considered together.

Over the past several years, there has been an increasing number of chemical adulterants marketed on the Internet and in counter-culture, pro-drug use magazines. These adulterants are advertised as able to prevent laboratories from detecting drugs or metabolites in physiological specimens (e.g., urine, hair, oral fluid) that are collected as part of a drug testing program. These products are often toxic or corrosive and are sold to be added to a specimen in order to mask the presence of any drugs or metabolites. Examples of adulterants include various nitrites (Klear, Whizzies), pyridinium chlorochromate (Urine Luck, LL481, Sweet Pee's Spoiler), surfactant (Mary Jane SuperClean 13), and acid (Amber-13, THC-Free). As of this time, approximately 400 different products (although many contain the same adulterant) are available for adulterating urine specimens.

Even more blatant are recent increases in openly marketed promises to conceal current illicit drug use by substituting a "clean" urine specimen for the drug-user's "dirty" one. Some products actually advertise a prosthetic device in a range of skin tones complete with waistband, fluid reservoir, thermocouple heating device, and externally formulated and color-dyed solution marketed as synthetic urine. These devices and systems are targeted for use by individuals who want to conceal their illicit drug use by using such a system to suborn a drug test.

The final requirements that make up the revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines are based on seven years of experience with SVT. These revisions are the collective product of a broad community of medical, forensic, research, and production laboratory testing experts who have contributed their knowledge, determination, and problem-solving skills to address those who would cheat on a drug test. In reviewing different specimen validity test procedures and methods, the Department learned from mistakes made by participants. The Department corrected these mistakes as they occurred, including making corrections or canceling test results in cases where laboratory inspectors, contractor staff, and Federal program staff were not certain about the ability of a laboratory forensically to defend a test result in court. This approach is a practice the Department will continue.

The Department has established these final requirements for SVT to produce the most accurate, reliable, and correctly interpreted test results. In a national system that has reduced the number of detected adulterated and substituted specimens to the current levels of about three one-hundredths of one percent of all federally mandated workplace tests performed in the past year, some may ask if it is worth the effort to prevent this very small number of individuals from masking their personal use of illicit drugs. The answer is yes. The purpose of the entire program has been to prevent and deter the use of illicit drugs in the Federal workplace. It has been vitally important to always project a sure and certain standard that Federal employees will be held personally accountable regarding employment selection or even job retention should they choose to use illicit drugs.

The Department intends to decrease or remove opportunities to subvert a workplace drug test through these revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines and will seek to hold all individuals accountable for their choices.

1. Mandatory SVT (Paragraph 2.1(a)(4))

The Department specifically requested comments from Federal agencies and employees covered by E.O. 12564 and Pub. L. 100-71 regarding the proposal to require SVT as part of their drug testing programs. Only one Federal agency submitted a comment on this issue. The comment submitted concurred with the proposal to make SVT mandatory on urine specimens collected by all Federal agencies. Because there were no comments submitted by Federal agencies or Federal employees opposed to the proposal, the Department believes it is appropriate to require each Federal agency to make SVT a required part of its workplace drug testing program.

2. Donor Right To Request a Retest of an Adulterated or Substituted Specimen (Sections 2.2(h) and 2.6(e))

One commenter suggested that the proposed requirement for the donor to request a retest on a single specimen or

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a test of a split specimen within 72 hours after being notified by the MRO that his or her specimen was reported positive, adulterated, or substituted was insufficient. The 72-hour rule has been in the Guidelines since 1994 and the Department is not aware of any occasion in which the donor was unable to request a test of a split specimen within this time frame. Additionally, MROs have the discretion to extend the 72-hour time frame when necessary. The proposed revision to this section of the Mandatory Guidelines simply expands the donor's ability to request a retest when a specimen is identified as adulterated or substituted. The donor shall be allowed the same ability to request through the MRO a retest of a single specimen that is reported either drug positive, adulterated, or substituted. In cases where a split specimen was collected consistent with agency policy, the donor shall be allowed the same ability to request through the MRO a retest of the split (Bottle B) specimen when the primary specimen is reported either drug positive, adulterated, or substituted. Based on our experience, the Department continues to believe that 72 hours is a sufficient period of time for a donor to request a retest on a single specimen or a test of the split specimen after being notified by the MRO that his or her specimen was reported positive, adulterated, or substituted.

The same commenter also suggested that a Federal agency should have the authority to direct a retest of a single specimen or the test of a split specimen at any time. The Department believes that limiting the ability to request a retest to the donor ensures that each donor is offered the same chance to dispute the reported test results. However, the Guidelines do not preclude a judge from issuing a court order to retest a specimen, an administrative law judge from ordering a retest of a specimen, or a Federal agency from retesting a specimen as part of a legal or administrative proceeding to defend a test result when the donor elected not to request a retest of a specimen reported positive, adulterated, or substituted. A new paragraph 2.6(e)(4) has been included to ensure that a Federal agency may conduct a retest under this limited situation.

3. SVT (Section 2.4(g))

One commenter suggested that it is unnecessary for all laboratories to have the capability to identify and quantitate oxidizing adulterants and recommended establishing a list of laboratories that would specialize in adulteration testing. The Department does not agree with this recommendation. The Department believes that all laboratories must have the capability and actually test all specimens for one or more oxidizing adulterants. This is especially critical for those specimens where a drug test result or other evidence indicates that a specimen may be adulterated. Otherwise, many specimens adulterated with oxidants may simply be reported as negative. This action is consistent with the Federal Workplace Drug Testing Program goal of ensuring an accurate and reliable result on every specimen tested, whether the result is positive or negative for drugs, adulterated, substituted, or invalid.
One commenter suggested there is no value in determining the pH for every specimen because the number of specimens reported with a pH that is too low or too high is extremely low. The Department believes that the elimination of this requirement would allow the use of adulterants that alter the pH causing it to be out of the normal physiological range, and hence interfere with obtaining a valid drug test or adulterant result. Therefore, as was proposed, the revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines shall require that a laboratory determine the pH for every specimen tested.

One commenter suggested the requirement that a laboratory must test a specimen for oxidizing adulterants did not clearly state that the test(s) was to be performed on each specimen. The Department agrees that the statement of the requirement in the proposed revisions was unclear. As a result, paragraph 2.4(g)(4) has been revised to indicate that one or more validity tests for oxidizing adulterants must be performed on each specimen.

One commenter recommended either to define abnormal color or odor or to delete any reference to abnormal physical characteristics as a condition to perform additional validity tests. The Department believes there are physical characteristics that can be used to identify specimens that may require some additional validity tests. However, definitions cannot be developed to specifically describe all the possible abnormal characteristics that may be observed by laboratory personnel. In response to this comment, the parenthetical reference to color, odor, or excessive foaming has been deleted in the Mandatory Guidelines to avoid limiting the possible characteristics that may be used to trigger additional validity tests. Because of the large number of adulterants being marketed to mask the presence of or remove drugs or metabolites from a specimen, the Department fully intends for color, odor, and excessive foaming, among others, to remain as abnormal physical characteristics that can be evaluated at a laboratory and prompt additional testing as specified in paragraph 2.4(g)(5). However, a laboratory may choose not to test the specimen if the laboratory believes that testing the specimen may damage its instruments. For example, a specimen that is gelatinous may possibly clog the tubing used in an immunoassay analyzer, thereby shutting down the instrument and requiring extensive maintenance. In such a case, the laboratory may assume that the urine specimen is not a valid urine specimen and must report an invalid result to the MRO. This invalid result is then used by the MRO to direct the agency to have the donor immediately submit another urine specimen using a direct observed collection. See section 2.6(c).

One commenter stated that insufficient data exists to support the proposed requirement that a specimen be reported as an "invalid result" if validity testing performed on the specimen shows creatinine concentration and specific gravity results that are considered to be inconsistent with normal human physiology. The Department believes that the conditions given for creatinine concentration and specific gravity results that are inconsistent with normal range values indicate possible tampering with the specimen. The requirement to report these inconsistent values as "invalid results" ensures the collection of another specimen to determine if the donor did provide a valid specimen or, in fact, did tamper with the first specimen collected.

With regard to the proposal to establish the lower specific gravity cutoff as less than 1.002 for the substitution criteria, the Department has reconsidered this proposal and is establishing the specific gravity cutoff as less than or equal to 1.0010. Note that this cutoff is stated to four decimal places. This will retain the specific gravity cutoff that the laboratories have been using since HHS issued guidance for all laboratories in determining the validity of a specimen (Division of Workplace Programs Memorandum dated September 28, 1998, Subject: Guidance for Reporting Specimen Validity Test Results, Program Document 35). At the time the Program Guidance was issued and the proposed changes to the Mandatory Guidelines were published in August 2001, the refractometers that were in use read the values to three decimal places (i.e., 1.001). Since the time that the Department published the proposed

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cutoff of less than 1.002, a new series of electronic refractometers have been made available that measure specific gravity to four decimal places. The use of a refractometer that measures specific gravity to four decimal places allows a laboratory to report and display specific gravity values that are within one ten-thousandth from the cutoff rather than being essentially a "yes" or "no" answer (that is, 1.000 or 1.001 for a "yes" answer, 1.002 for a "no" answer when using a three decimal place refractometer). Therefore, the Department directs that all laboratories must use refractometers that report and display specific gravity to four decimal places. These instruments also have electronic and hard copy reporting peripheral device capability and thus allow machine generated documentation, which recent administrative and legal proceedings have advocated.

After the close of the public comment period, and prior to the publication of a final notice in the Federal Register that would have established the criteria used to report a specimen as substituted, the Department became aware of supplemental information from a Congressionally-mandated study by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) indicating that the Department's treatment of substitution should be reconsidered. The information was presented at a conference sponsored by the FAA in Tampa, Florida, on February 4-6, 2003, that brought together toxicologists, nephrologists and other physicians, MROs, technical experts in various fields, and HHS and DOT officials. Attendees at the conference generally agreed that it would be appropriate to lower the creatinine criterion that is part of the requirement to report a urine specimen as substituted. This information lead DOT to publish an interim final rule in the Federal Register (68 FR 31624) on May 28, 2003, that changed the way MROs were expected to interpret substitution results reported by the laboratories.

This supplemental information strongly suggested that if the Department adopted the proposed cutoffs as written, in rare, but very real circumstances, it might be possible to misidentify an individual as providing a substituted specimen, when in fact the specimen was actually produced by the individual. To date, to the best of our knowledge, there have not been any Federal employees who have raised a challenge to the specific creatinine decision point of less than or equal to 5 mg/dL and specific gravity less than or equal to 1.001 or greater than or equal to 1.020 as defining a "substituted specimen." After careful consideration of the supplemental information, the Department believes that it is appropriate to propose lowering the creatinine decision point to identify a substituted specimen to less than 2 mg/dL and specific gravity to less than or equal to 1.0010 or greater than or equal to 1.0200. With regard to the proposal in August 2001 to establish the lower specific gravity cutoff as less than 1.002 for the substitution criteria, the Department has reconsidered this proposal and is requiring to establish the specific gravity cutoff as less than or equal to 1.0010. Note that this cutoff is now stated to four decimal places. This will retain the specific gravity cutoff that the laboratories have been using since HHS issued guidance for all laboratories in determining the validity of a specimen (Division of Workplace Programs memorandum dated September 28, 1998, Subject: Guidance for Reporting Specimen Validity Test Results, Program Document 35). At the time the Program Guidance was issued and the proposed changes to the Mandatory Guidelines were published in August 2001, the refractometers that were in use read the values to three decimal places (i.e., 1.001). Since the time that the Department published the proposed cutoff of less than 1.002, a new series of electronic refractometers have been made available that measure specific gravity to four decimal places. Therefore, the Department is requiring that all laboratories must use refractometers that report and display specific gravity to four decimal places. These instruments also have electronic and hard copy reporting peripheral device capability and thus allow machine generated documentation, which recent administrative and legal proceedings have advocated.

4. Reporting Results (Section 2.4(h))

Three commenters expressed concern that the same test could be used for both the initial and confirmatory validity tests. The commenters believe that the initial validity test should use a different analytical methodology than the confirmatory validity test before a specimen can be reported adulterated or substituted. The Department agrees with the commenters' recommendation that initial and confirmatory validity tests use a different analytical methodology and has revised the reporting policy for adulterants to require that two different methods are used before a specimen can be reported as adulterated. If a laboratory uses the same test (e.g., the same colorimetric test) for both the initial test and the confirmatory test, the laboratory may only report an "invalid result" for a specimen rather than an adulterated result. Paragraph 2.4(h)(4) clearly describes the combination of methods that a laboratory must use to report a specimen as adulterated for a specific adulterant. The only exceptions to this requirement pertain to the tests used to measure the creatinine concentration, specific gravity, and pH.

To report a specimen as adulterated because the pH is too low or too high, a pH meter may be used for both the initial and confirmatory pH tests because it is considered a reference method by the scientific community, is a highly reliable instrument, and gives extremely accurate results when properly calibrated. Further, pH values represent a logarithmic scale and therefore represent very large differences between each pH unit. Based on this assessment, using a pH meter for both the initial and confirmatory pH tests is scientifically and forensically valid.

The Department believes it is scientifically acceptable to use the same creatinine test for both the initial and confirmatory creatinine tests and to use refractometry to measure specific gravity for both the initial and confirmatory specific gravity tests. For creatinine, the most accepted method to determine the creatinine concentration is the Jaffe' or modified Jaffe' colorimetric procedure. In addition, any endogenous substance that may interfere with the creatinine colorimetric test is going to produce a reading such that the creatinine concentration will appear to be higher rather than lower than the true creatinine concentration. In other words, interfering compounds will increase the creatinine concentration, raising it above 2 mg/dL, and therefore the specimen will not meet the criteria to report it as substituted. As of this time, the Department does not know of any endogenous interfering substance that will lower the apparent reading on the colorimetric creatinine test. Therefore, the Department believes it is acceptable to use the same colorimetric creatinine test for both the initial and confirmatory tests.

With regard to using refractometry for both specific gravity tests, a refractometer, like a pH meter, is considered a reference instrument and its results are scientifically acceptable. Therefore, the Department believes it is acceptable to use refractometry for both specific gravity tests. Moreover, the combination of specific gravity and creatinine serves as two tests employing different scientific principles.

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A valid scientific identification is based on the use of two methods used on two separate aliquots obtained from the original urine specimen. The nature of the analytical method is based on the chemical composition of the substance to be tested. Further, the combination of techniques is a function of both the expected prevalence of the substance to be tested and the nature of the analytical technique. This may be illustrated by the following examples:

(1) For drugs, drugs are tested by immunoassay on the first aliquot. Each immunoassay test has variable specificity for a particular drug class. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmatory drug test is specific for a particular drug or metabolite. The presence of drugs is not expected in a urine specimen. While the number of drugs to be identified in a urine specimen is limited to those specified by these Guidelines, the number of drugs to be excluded comprises a long list.

(2) For creatinine, creatinine is tested by colorimetric assays using the same assay in each of two aliquots. The presence of creatinine in urine is expected. Its concentration is normally expected to be relatively high and it is among a very small number of waste products found in urine.

(3) For alcohol, although not part of the Federal workplace drug testing program, a breath sample is initially tested on an approved device and, if positive, a confirmatory test is conducted using the same approved device on a second breath sample. The most common of the breath devices utilizes a fuel cell in which the alcohol is consumed resulting in a proportional electronic response. Alcohol is a volatile substance and although not expected to be present in the breath, is among a very short list of possible substances. The concentration of alcohol, when present in the body, is relatively very high.

The three examples constitute valid scientific and forensic identification although there is variation in the analytical parameters and expected prevalence of the substances in biological specimens. Program Documents 35 and 37 issued by HHS in 1998 and 1999 established the framework for reporting a specimen as substituted and adulterated. This framework included an analysis on two aliquots with various qualitative and quantitative procedures. Each laboratory had the flexibility to develop the specific testing requirements, to validate the methods used, and to establish quality control procedures using good laboratory practices. This generally stated scientific approach has been recommended since the inception of this program.

Our on-going review of specimen validity test results and inspection of laboratories has shown analysis to date to be competent and reasonable and to have met satisfactory scientific criteria. Results of these specimen validity tests have also been introduced and effectively been supported in legal proceedings. The Department conducted a special review of SVT in all certified laboratories. This included analysis for adulterants where the same test was used on two different aliquots of the donor's specimen. Based on program experience and availability and development of refined analytical procedures, the Department is establishing specific requirements for analytical procedures to identify the common adulterants. See section 2.4(h).
One commenter recommended reporting any specimen with a nitrite concentration between 200 mcg/mL and 500 mcg/mL as an "invalid result." The Department agrees with this recommendation and has changed the Guidelines at paragraph 2.4(h)(7)(iii) to include a nitrite range as one of the conditions upon which a specimen must be reported as an "invalid result." Although a 500 mcg/mL nitrite concentration is established as the concentration at or above which a specimen is reported adulterated for nitrite, clinical evidence (see Urry, F.M. et al., Nitrite Adulteration of Workplace Urine Drug Testing Specimens. 1. Sources and Associated Concentrations of Nitrite in Urine and Distinction Between Natural Sources and Adulteration, "Journal of Analytical Toxicology" 22: 89-95 (1998)) indicates that any nitrite concentration above 129 mcg/mL is not physiologically possible and is, therefore, an abnormal concentration. The Department also notes that since Program Documents 35 and 37 were issued in 1998 and 1999 and the proposed Changes to the Mandatory Guidelines were published in August 2001, some adulterant products now contain lower amounts of nitrite mixed with other oxidant compounds in an effort to avoid detection.

5. Retesting a Specimen for Adulterants (Section 2.4(k))

One commenter suggested deleting any reference to limit of quantitation (LOQ) when a second laboratory is retesting a specimen for any adulterant other than when retesting for pH or to reconfirm the presence of nitrite. The commenter suggested that the retesting should use the limit of detection (LOD) as is used when retesting a specimen for a drug positive to ensure consistency between the retesting policy for drugs and the policy for retesting adulterants. The Department agrees with the recommendation and has specified using the LOD to reconfirm the presence of an adulterant except when retesting for pH and nitrite. However, the retesting for an adulterant requires the second laboratory to use its confirmatory test for the adulterant that was reported present in the single or Bottle A specimen by the first laboratory. For example, reconfirming a pH that was too low or too high requires the second laboratory to test an aliquot of a single specimen or the split (Bottle B) specimen using its confirmatory pH meter test. Another example, reconfirming the presence of chromium (VI) requires the second laboratory to test an aliquot of a single specimen or the split (Bottle B) specimen using its confirmatory test to determine the presence of chromium (VI) above the LOD. The second laboratory cannot use its initial colorimetric test to reconfirm the presence of chromium (VI).

6. Quality Control Requirements for Validity Tests (Section 2.5(d))

One commenter suggested that the Mandatory Guidelines should specify what the reference method is for each type of validity test. The Department believes that the methods being used for the various validity tests, with the exception of the pH meter, do not meet the classical definition of a reference method (i.e., a method to which other tests are compared). The Department views it as more important that the performance characteristics of the method used for each type of validity test can be documented by the laboratory prior to using the method, as is the case for the drug tests used by the laboratories. Establishing the performance characteristics of a method prior to its use ensures that the method can provide accurate measurements on donor specimens which are verified by simultaneously obtaining results for quality control samples. If the quality control samples results indicate a possible error, then all specimens associated with those quality control samples must be retested until the quality control sample results satisfy the acceptance criteria established by the laboratory.

One commenter suggested that the proposed number of calibrators and controls is excessive for some of the validity tests. The Department believes that the proposed quality control requirements for the validity tests are appropriate and are similar to those required for the initial and confirmatory

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drug tests. Since the results of validity tests can lead to the same personnel actions that may occur as if the specimen was reported positive for a drug, it is essential that every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of every validity test result.

7. Requirements for Measuring Creatinine Concentration (Section 2.5(e))

One commenter suggested that requiring calibrators at 5 mg/dL and 20 mg/dL for a creatinine test requires an unnecessary re-validation of the test and that a control in the normal range (greater than 20 mg/dL) is useful. The Department proposed using calibrators at 5 mg/dL and 20 mg/dL because most creatinine tests are calibrated at 100 mg/dL. Since the decision points for our workplace drug testing program are so much lower than used for most clinical laboratory testing, it is essential that the method be validated and calibrated at 2 mg/dL to ensure the highest degree of accuracy and confidence around the decision point used to determine a substituted specimen. With regard to including a control in the normal range, the commenter overlooked the fact that a control in the normal range was included in the requirements for the initial creatinine test. Given an initial creatinine test result at less than the 2 mg/dL cutoff concentration, there is no need to run another control in the normal range for the confirmatory test. However, controls are needed above and below 2 mg/dL to ensure the highest degree of accuracy and confidence around the cutoff.

8. Requirements for Measuring Specific Gravity (Section 2.5(f))

One commenter stated that the requirement for four quality control samples when determining specific gravity is excessive. The commenter suggested simply including one calibrator at each decision point and one control in the normal range. The Department believes that a decision point must be bracketed whenever possible to ensure the accuracy of a test result rather than using the approach recommended by the commenter. Since the time the proposed policy was published, the Department has re-evaluated the control requirements for measuring specific gravity. The Department believes that each initial and confirmatory specific gravity test should have a calibrator and controls covering the entire range rather than selecting controls based on whether the specimen is being evaluated against the lower decision point (i.e., less than or equal to 1.0010) or the higher decision point (i.e., greater than or equal to 1.0200). Therefore, the Department has combined the controls that are required when conducting either the initial or confirmatory specific gravity tests regardless of which decision point is applicable.

9. Requirements for Measuring pH (Section 2.5(g))

One commenter suggested that, when determining pH levels, a control in the normal range should also be included. The Department agrees with this suggestion and is requiring that either a calibrator or control in the normal range be included in each test batch when conducting either the initial or confirmatory pH test.

One commenter noted that the controls proposed for a colorimetric pH test are inconsistent with the controls required for a pH meter test. The Department believes that this inconsistency cannot be eliminated due to the differences in the way colorimetric pH tests and pH meters are calibrated.

Section 2.5(g) has been revised to require the use of three controls when using a pH screening test (i.e., pH paper, dipsticks, or colorimetric tests that have a narrow dynamic range and do not support the pH cutoffs) to determine if the pH of a specimen is too low or too high. This section also specifies the calibrators and controls that must be used if an initial colorimetric pH test or initial pH meter test is conducted without having used a screening test to determine if the pH of a specimen may be too low or too high. Additionally, the Department believes that when a pH screening test is used and the pH of the specimen is possibly too low or too high, the initial and confirmatory pH meter tests may use calibrators and controls that are focused on either the lower or upper decision point, as appropriate. This is a reasonable approach because pH meter tests are manual rather than automated. However, an exception exists when a colorimetric pH test is used as the initial pH test whether a screening pH test was or was not conducted. The Department believes that most laboratories will use an initial colorimetric pH test to test all specimens received, rather than using screening tests, because it is an automated procedure and would be efficient and cost effective compared to using pH screening tests or a "manual" pH meter test. To avoid having to repeat the colorimetric pH test with focused calibrators and controls only for those specimens that may have a pH that is too low or too high, the entire pH range should be covered with appropriate calibrators and controls.

10. Requirements for Performing Oxidizing Adulterant Tests (Section 2.5(h))

Several commenters expressed concern with the proposed requirements for performing oxidizing adulterant tests. There was a general request for more specific information and a concern that these oxidizing tests fail to meet appropriate scientific standards. The Department agrees that the proposed requirement for performing oxidizing adulterants was unclear. Therefore, the Department has revised the requirements described in section 2.5(h). The Department expects each laboratory to test each specimen for one or more oxidizing adulterants. This can be accomplished by either using a single test that responds to several oxidizing adulterants (e.g., a general oxidant colorimetric test for the initial test for oxidizing adulterants) or one or more initial tests that identify specific oxidizing adulterants (e.g., an initial nitrite colorimetric test, an initial chromium (VI) colorimetric test). Additionally, the Department is permitting the general oxidant colorimetric test to be used with different calibrators or controls to possibly detect different adulterants. For example, the general oxidant colorimetric test can be used to detect nitrite using a calibrator or control with a greater than or equal to 200 mcg/mL nitrite-equivalent cutoff or to detect chromium (VI) using a greater than or equal to 50 mcg/mL chromium (VI)-equivalent cutoff. Since individuals attempting to subvert the drug testing program may use a number of different oxidizing adulterants, the testing requirement for oxidizing adulterants is intentionally drafted broadly to permit the flexibility needed to combat such tampering with the testing process. Although these oxidizing adulterant tests are new, the Department expects the laboratories to validate each oxidizing adulterant test before it is used to test donor specimens and to apply the specified quality control requirements to ensure the proper performance of each test on donor specimens.

11. Requirements for Performing "Other" Adulterant Tests (Section 2.5(j))

One commenter suggested that the proposed requirement for the performance of "other" validity tests for adulterants did not permit the flexibility necessary to ensure that as new adulterants are identified, the Mandatory Guidelines would permit

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laboratories to test for these new adulterants. The Department agrees with that comment and has revised paragraph 2.5(j)(3) to ensure that newly identified adulterants not included in paragraphs 2.5(j)(1) or (2) or in any other section of the Mandatory Guidelines can be tested for by a laboratory.

One commenter asked if a specimen containing glutaraldehyde could be reported as adulterated based on using the confirmatory test procedure on two separate aliquots. The revision to the Mandatory Guidelines requires that a specimen can only be reported adulterated for glutaraldehyde if the initial and confirmatory glutaraldehyde tests use different methodologies. For glutaraldehyde, the characteristic response on immunoassay drug tests is very well established and may serve as the initial test for determining the presence of glutaraldehyde or by performing a separate initial aldehyde test. The confirmatory test for glutaraldehyde traditionally has been gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

12. MRO Qualifications and Review of Results (Section 2.6)

One commenter recommended that the Mandatory Guidelines be revised to require an MRO to complete formal training and pass an examination, as required in the DOT Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Program (49 CFR Part 40). The Department recognizes that other changes to the Mandatory Guidelines may be needed; however, our intent in the solicitation of comment was to focus only on proposing changes associated with mandating validity testing on specimens collected under the Mandatory Guidelines.

One commenter expressed concern that an MRO may direct a laboratory to send a specimen to another laboratory before determining that the second laboratory has the capability to perform any additional tests. The Department agrees that an MRO should always contact a laboratory to determine its capability before having a specimen transferred for additional validity testing. This policy applies especially to paragraph 2.6(c)(2) when Laboratory A reports an invalid result and the laboratory and MRO agree that further testing may be useful in an attempt to be able to report a positive, adulterated, or substituted result.

13. Laboratory Result Not Reconfirmed by a Second Laboratory (Section 2.6(g))

One commenter interpreted the proposed requirement that the MRO notify the designated HHS regulatory office when a second laboratory was unable to reconfirm the result reported by the original laboratory testing the specimen as meaning that the MRO is not receiving the same notification. The agency's designated representative always receives all results reported by an MRO. This requirement is intended to ensure that the HHS regulatory office is notified of such reports to permit the initiation of an investigation to determine if an error was made by either laboratory.

14. Additional Changes Related to the New SVT Requirements

In addition to the changes discussed above, the Department is revising other sections of the Mandatory Guidelines that are directly affected by the new SVT requirements.

In section 1.2, the original definitions for an "initial test" and a "confirmatory test" are being changed to read "initial drug test" and "confirmatory drug test," respectively, to prevent any confusion with the new definitions for "initial validity test" and "confirmatory validity test." The Department is adding the word "drug" throughout the Mandatory Guidelines when referring to initial drug tests and confirmatory drug tests.

Under section 2.2(f)(4), the collector must direct the donor to empty his or her pockets and display the items to ensure that no items are present that could be used to adulterate the specimen. If nothing is there that can be used to adulterate a specimen, the donor places the items back into his or her pockets and the collection procedure continues. If the donor refuses to show the collector the items in his or her pockets, this is considered a refusal to cooperate in the testing process. The Department believes this requirement is necessary because of the ease with which a donor can conceal a small amount of an adulterant and the availability of numerous adulterants on the Internet and in drug culture magazines. This change also ensures consistency with the collection procedure specified in the DOT drug testing regulations (49 CFR Part 40). The Department believes that every effort must be made to prevent a donor from bringing something to the collection site that could be used to adulterate a specimen and, thereby, preventing it from being properly tested for drugs.

Section 2.4(h)(2) was revised to ensure that each specimen is subject to validity testing to determine that it is a valid urine specimen before a negative result is reported.

Section 2.2(h)(8) was deleted because it only deals with the testing of a split (Bottle B) specimen that failed to reconfirm a positive drug result reported for Bottle A.

In section 2.4(h), the Department included all the reporting requirements to report a specimen adulterated, substituted, diluted, or as an invalid result in paragraphs (4), (5), (6), and (7).

A new section 2.4(h)(12) was included to require a laboratory to report on the Federal CCF and/or computer-generated electronic report the actual numerical value (e.g., concentration) associated with an adulterated specimen (when applicable) and the confirmatory creatinine concentration and the confirmatory specific gravity for a substituted specimen. The Department believes that this requirement will eliminate the need for an MRO to generate a separate written request, thereby reducing the paperwork associated with each adulterated and substituted specimen.

Section 2.4(h)(15) was revised to require each laboratory to provide a statistical summary report every six months rather than monthly to a Federal agency. The format for the report was also changed to include the provision for information on adulterated, substituted, and invalid specimens. The Department believes reducing the frequency of the report to a semi-annual basis is cost effective and avoids requiring laboratories to report a summary for several specimens as opposed to a more reasonable number that would be tested over a six-month period of time. Both of these changes are consistent with the requirements in the DOT drug testing regulations (49 CFR Part 40).

In sections 2.4(i) and 3.9, the requirement to retain positive specimens in long-term storage is expanded to include specimens reported as adulterated, substituted, and invalid. Because administrative and/or legal actions may be taken that relate to specimens with these results, it is imperative that they be retained frozen and available for possible future retesting.

In section 2.4(j), the retesting policy for drugs has been expanded. If a second laboratory fails to reconfirm the presence of a drug when retesting a single specimen or testing a split (Bottle B) specimen, the second laboratory is required to conduct validity tests in an attempt to determine a reason for failing to reconfirm the presence of the drug or metabolite.

Sections 2.5(k)(1) and (3) have been revised to require that an agency blind sample program includes samples that are adulterated or substituted along with negative samples and drug positive samples. This requirement ensures that

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a laboratory's procedures are challenged with samples that are adulterated or substituted.

Section 2.6, where appropriate, has been revised to describe how an MRO is expected to review adulterated, substituted, and invalid results as well as drug positive results.

Sections 2.6(g)(1) through (16) give specific requirements on how an MRO reports a result to a Federal agency when Laboratory B fails to reconfirm the test result reported by Laboratory A. The Department believes these requirements are necessary to ensure uniformity among MROs when a failed to reconfirm occurs.

Section 2.6(h) has been revised to describe how an MRO shall report a final test result to a Federal agency.

Section 3.4 has been revised to ensure that each laboratory has the capability to test for the five required classes of drugs as well as to conduct validity tests as specified in these Mandatory Guidelines.

Section 3.5 has been revised to clarify that all drug and validity tests are to be conducted by a certified laboratory at the same facility.

Sections 3.17, 3.18, and 3.19 have been revised to clearly distinguish between performance testing (PT) samples that contain drugs and PT samples that will challenge a laboratory's specimen validity tests. In the proposed changes to the Mandatory Guidelines, a revision was proposed to section 3.2 to indicate that laboratories would be challenged with specimen validity samples in the PT program and inspections would include reviewing validity testing procedures. The Department believes the specific performance requirements for the samples challenging a laboratory's specimen validity tests are comparable to the requirements for the performance testing with samples containing drugs or metabolites.

15. Other Changes

The Department is making several technical changes and/or clarifications to other sections of the Mandatory Guidelines. Several of these changes reflect policies or procedures that have been previously implemented. The Department believes it is appropriate to include these changes in this revision of the Guidelines.

The term "collection site person" is being replaced with the term "collector" throughout the Mandatory Guidelines. The Department is making this change because the use of the term "collector" has become the most common way to refer to the individual involved with collecting a specimen from a donor.

The term "specimen chain of custody form" is being replaced with the term "Federal drug testing custody and control form" (or "Federal CCF") throughout the Mandatory Guidelines. This is the official name given to the form approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to collect a urine specimen from a Federal employee.

The definition for "chain of custody" has been revised to clarify that it refers to a "process" that is used to track the handling and storage of specimens rather than "procedures" and deleted the sentences that reference the OMB form because the Federal CCF is defined separately.

Section 2.2(g) was revised because the current Federal CCF does not allow a collector to transfer the custody of a specimen to another individual prior to releasing the specimen to an express carrier or courier for shipment to a laboratory. In addition, the first sentence requiring the collector to maintain the specimen bottle within sight is redundant with the requirement in paragraph 2.2(f)(17) as revised and was deleted.

Section 2.4(b)(2) was revised to clearly describe the types of errors that may occasionally occur on a Federal CCF and/or specimen bottle label/seal that are considered to be fatal flaws. These errors require a laboratory to stop the testing process and to report the result as rejected for testing. Paragraph 2.4(b)(3) was added to describe two types of correctable flaws that, if not corrected, would also require the laboratory to report a specimen as rejected for testing. Provisions similar to these were originally implemented by Program Document 9 (October 10, 1991). The Department believes including these provisions in the Guidelines will ensure uniform treatment by laboratories when these types of errors occur. The provisions are also consistent with those contained in the DOT drug testing regulations (49 CFR Part 40).

Section 2.4(f)(1) was revised to allow a laboratory to report a quantitative drug test result three different ways. The Department believes that a laboratory should have the option to report a quantitative result as either "exceeds the linear range of the test," "greater than or equal to (specify the upper limit of linearity)," or as an accurate quantitative result obtained by diluting an aliquot of the specimen before conducting the confirmatory drug test.

Section 2.4(h)(13) and (14) were revised to describe the different ways results can be transmitted from a laboratory to an MRO. A laboratory always completes the test result section on the Federal CCF; however, a copy of the Federal CCF may or may not be sent to the MRO depending on whether the test result is negative or non-negative. For a negative result, an electronic report is sufficient. The Department believes the reporting requirements in these two sections will reduce the paperwork burden and is consistent with the intended use of the five-part Federal CCF.

A new section 2.4(h)(11) was included to require a laboratory to report to an MRO a quantitative value for morphine or codeine that is greater than or equal to 15,000 ng/mL. Section 2.6(d) was also revised regarding the policy that an MRO must follow when verifying a donor specimen as positive for morphine or codeine when the concentration is at or above 15,000 ng/mL. The Department believes that a morphine or codeine concentration at or above 15,000 ng/mL is high enough to prevent falsely accusing an individual of opiate abuse who may have only eaten poppy seeds or falsely accusing an individual who does not exhibit any clinical evidence of opiate abuse and does not provide a legitimate medical explanation. These revisions are also consistent with the laboratory reporting and MRO verification policies in DOT 49 CFR Part 40.

Section 2.4(h)(14) was revised to clarify that a laboratory may report all test results by faxing a completed copy of the Federal CCF, sending a completed copy of the Federal CCF by courier or mail, electronically transmitting a legible image or copy of the completed Federal CCF, and/or may forward a computer-generated electronic report. The Department believes that revising this paragraph clarifies the point that sending a computer-generated electronic report does not prohibit a laboratory from also sending a completed Federal CCF by one of the other ways described. The section also requires that a copy of the completed Federal CCF must be transmitted by one of the ways described for a non-negative result (i.e., a computer-generated electronic report is not sufficient, by itself, when a laboratory reports a non-negative result to the MRO).

Sections 2.5(b) and (c) were revised to modify the general quality control requirements for the initial drug and confirmatory drug tests. The current Guidelines require including "positive control(s) fortified with drug or metabolite" and "at least one positive control with the drug or metabolite at or near the threshold (cutoff)." These two requirements can actually be satisfied using a single control, which was not

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the intent of the requirements. The use of the original phrase "at or near the threshold (cutoff)" is too vague and allows different interpretations. The Department believes the revised requirements will ensure consistency by stating that each initial drug test batch shall include a control targeted at 25 percent above the cutoff and a control targeted at 75 percent of the cutoff. The revised requirements in these two sections have been described in other NLCP program documents for several years and placing them in the Mandatory Guidelines eliminates possible misinterpretation.

A new section 2.5(c)(4) was added to require a laboratory to include in each confirmatory drug test batch at least one calibrator or control at or below 40 percent of the cutoff. Prior Department policy required a laboratory to include such a calibrator or control only when the confirmatory drug test batch contained an aliquot of a single specimen or a split (Bottle B) specimen received from a different laboratory for confirmatory drug testing. The Department believes including a calibrator or control at or below 40 percent of the cutoff in each confirmatory drug test batch is appropriate to ensure that the laboratory documents the accuracy of the confirmatory drug test below the cutoff for each confirmatory drug test whether it contains or does not contain such a specimen received from a different laboratory. This has been clarified in other program documents and ensures that a uniform policy exists in all laboratories.

Section 3.20 has been revised to provide that the number of inspectors on an inspection team can be two or more rather than the three previously specified for any inspection. In practice, the number of inspectors on an inspection team has varied depending on the size of the laboratory. This change was implemented several years ago because the consolidation and growth of several laboratories caused a significant increase in their workloads, and these increases made it difficult for inspectors to review a sufficient number of non-negative test results in the time allotted. By changing the number of inspectors for different sized laboratories, the percentage of non-negative test results reviewed by the inspection teams remains somewhat comparable between the different sized laboratories. Currently, there are several very small laboratories, and using two inspectors is clearly sufficient to conduct a thorough review of the laboratory's procedures and test results. Conversely, several very large laboratories have workloads that require more inspectors to conduct a thorough review of both their procedures and test results. The Department believes this change is fair, equitable, and cost effective for all the laboratories.

Other appropriate minor editorial changes are being made for clarity and consistency.

16. List of Adulterants

In accordance with the Federal Register notice (66 FR 43876) dated August 21, 2001, the Department will begin including a list of known adulterants in the monthly Federal Register notice that lists the laboratories that meet minimum standards to engage in urine drug testing for Federal agencies. The list will be revised as new adulterants are identified.

Executive Order 12866: Economic Impact

In accordance with Executive Order 12866, the agency has submitted the Guidelines for review by the Office of Management and Budget. However, because the Mandatory Guidelines will not have an annual impact of $100 million or more, and will not have a material adverse effect on the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local or tribal governments, they are not subject to the detailed analysis requirements of Section 6(a)(3)(C) of Executive Order 12866.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

These guidelines contain information collection provisions which are subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (the PRA)(44 U.S.C. 3507(d)). The title, description and respondent description of the information collections are shown in the following paragraphs with an estimate of the annual reporting burden. Included in the estimate is the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information.

Title: Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs.

Description: The Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs establish the scientific and technical guidelines for Federal Workplace drug testing programs and standards for certification of laboratories engaged in urine drug testing for Federal agencies under authority of section 503 of Public Law 100-71, 5 U.S.C. 7301 and Executive Order 12564. These revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines do not change the information collection requirements in them.

The Mandatory Guidelines establish the standards for a National Laboratory Certification Program (NLCP), which include requirements for a laboratory to become certified and to maintain certification. Prior to the initial certification process, each interested laboratory is required to submit an application to the NLCP contractor for review and evaluation.

Certified laboratories are inspected every six months. Prior to each maintenance inspection, the laboratory receives and completes a copy of Sections B and C of the NLCP inspection checklist. The information submitted by the laboratory allows the members of the inspection team to become familiar with a laboratory's procedures before arriving at the laboratory to conduct the inspection, thereby facilitating the completion of the inspection.

The Mandatory Guidelines require certified laboratories to maintain information concerning quality assurance and quality control, security and chain of custody, documentation, to report test results in accordance with the specifications, and to participate in a performance testing and inspection program. In addition, there are procedures that are used to review the suspension or proposed revocation of a certified laboratory.

The Mandatory Guidelines also require using an OMB-approved Federal custody and control form (CCF) to document the integrity and security of a urine specimen from the time it is collected until received by the laboratory.

Description of Respondents: Individuals or Households; Business or other for-profit; Not-for profit institutions.

Response burden estimate: We estimate the total annual response burden imposed by the Mandatory Guidelines to be 1,786,839 hours. This is comprised as follows: (1) A laboratory is estimated to require an average of 3 hours to complete the NLCP Application form. An average of 3 laboratories apply each year, resulting in an annual estimate of 9 hours of response burden. (2) Sections B and C of the NLCP Inspection Checklist, which average 3 hours to complete, must be completed in advance of each of the 2 annual inspections. Based on 50 certified laboratories undergoing 2 maintenance inspections each year, the annual estimated response burden for the NLCP Inspection Checklist is 300 hours. (3) Recordkeeping, reporting and

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disclosure burden for each laboratory is estimated at 250 hours per laboratory per year, for an annual total of 12,500 hours for 50 laboratories. This estimate includes the following:

Note: Activities designated by an * are considered to be usual and customary business practices for such laboratories and no additional burden is considered to be imposed by these requirements.

(4) There are an estimated 7,096,000 Federal CCFs completed each year, with an average response burden of 5 minutes for the donor, 4 minutes for the collector, 3 minutes for the laboratory, and 3 minutes for the Medical Review Officer. This results in 1,419,200 hours of burden.

Individuals and organizations may submit comments on these burden estimates or any other aspect of these information collection provisions, including suggestions for reducing the burden, and should direct them to: SAMHSA Reports Clearance Officer, Room 16-105, Parklawn Building, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.

The information collection provisions in the Mandatory Guidelines have been approved under OMB control number 0930-0158. This approval expires July 31, 2006. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

Charles G. Curie,
Administrator, SAMHSA.
Dated: April 2, 2004.
Tommy G. Thompson,
Secretary.

The Mandatory Guidelines as revised are hereby adopted in accordance with section 503 of Public Law 100-71 and Executive Order 12564. For the public's convenience, the full version of the Mandatory Guidelines as revised is provided. It includes the new validity testing requirements as well as the changes to the opiate cutoff concentrations that became effective on December 1, 1998 (63 FR 63483).

Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs

Subpart A--General

Sec.
1.1 Applicability.
1.2 Definitions.
1.3 Future Revisions.

Subpart B--Scientific and Technical Requirements

2.1 The Drugs.
2.2 Specimen Collection Procedures.
2.3 Laboratory Personnel.
2.4 Laboratory Analysis Procedures.
2.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control.
2.6 Reporting and Review of Results.
2.7 Protection of Employee Records.
2.8 Individual Access to Test and Laboratory Certification Results.

Subpart C--Certification of Laboratories Engaged in Urine Drug Testing for Federal Agencies

3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Goals and Objectives of Certification.
3.3 General Certification Requirements.
3.4 Capability to Test for Five Classes of Drugs and to Conduct Validity Tests
3.5 Initial and Confirmatory Capability at Same Site.
3.6 Personnel.
3.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control.
3.8 Security and Chain of Custody.
3.9 One-Year Storage for Positive, Adulterated, Substituted, and Invalid Specimens.
3.10 Documentation.
3.11 Reports.
3.12 Certification.
3.13 Revocation.
3.14 Suspension.
3.15 Notice.
3.16 Recertification.
3.17 Performance Testing (PT) Requirement for Certification.
3.18 PT Program Samples.
3.19 Evaluation of PT Sample Results.
3.20 Inspections.
3.21 Results of Inadequate Performance.
3.22 Listing of Certified Laboratories

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Subpart D--Procedures for Review of Suspension or Proposed Revocation of a Certified Laboratory

4.1 Applicability.
4.2 Definitions.
4.3 Limitation on Issues Subject to Review.
4.4 Specifying Who Represents the Parties.
4.5 The Request for Informal Review and the Reviewing Official's Response.
4.6 Abeyance Agreement.
4.7 Preparation of the Review File and Written Argument.
4.8 Opportunity for Oral Presentation.
4.9 Expedited Procedures for Review of Immediate Suspension.
4.10 Ex parte Communications.
4.11 Transmission of Written Communications by Reviewing Official and Calculation of Deadlines.
4.12 Authority and Responsibilities of Reviewing Official.
4.13 Administrative Record.
4.14 Written Decision.
4.15 Court Review of Final Administrative Action; Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies.

Authority: E.O. 12564 and sec. 503 of Pub. L. 100-71.

Subpart A--General

Section 1.1--Applicability

(a) These mandatory guidelines apply to:
(1) Executive Agencies as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105;
(2) The Uniformed Services, as defined in 5 U.S.C. 2101(3) (but excluding the Armed Forces as defined in 5 U.S.C. 2101(2));
(3) And any other employing unit or authority of the Federal Government except the United States Postal Service, the Postal Rate Commission, and employing units or authorities in the Judicial and Legislative Branches.
(b) Subpart C of these Guidelines (which establishes laboratory certification standards) applies to any laboratory which has or seeks certification to perform urine drug testing for Federal agencies under a drug testing program conducted under E.O. 12564. Only laboratories certified under these standards are authorized to perform urine drug testing for Federal agencies.
(c) The Intelligence Community, as defined by Executive Order No. 12333, shall be subject to these Guidelines only to the extent agreed to by the head of the affected agency.
(d) These Guidelines do not apply to drug testing conducted under legal authority other than Executive Order 12564, including testing of persons in the criminal justice system, such as arrestees, detainees, probationers, incarcerated persons, or parolees.\1\
(e) Agencies may not deviate from the provisions of these Guidelines without the written approval of the Secretary. In requesting approval for a deviation, an agency must petition the Secretary in writing and describe the specific provision or provisions for which a deviation is sought and the rationale therefor. The Secretary may approve the request upon a finding of good cause as determined by the Secretary.
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\1\ Although HHS has no authority to regulate the transportatiion industry, the Department of Transportation (DOT) does have such authority. DOT is required by law to develop requirements for its regualted industry that "incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments to those guidelines * * *" See, e.g., 49 U.S.C. 20140(c)(2). In carrying out its mandate, DOT requires by regulation that its federally regulated employers use only HHS certified laboratories in the testing of employees, 49 CFR 40.39, and incorporates the scientific and technical aspects of the guidelines in its regulations. The DOT-regulated industry should refer to the DOT regulations at 49 CFR Part 40.
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(f) Agencies shall purchase drug testing services only from laboratories certified by HHS or an HHS-recognized certification program in accordance with these Guidelines.

Section 1.2 Definitions

For purposes of these Guidelines, the following definitions are adopted:

Aliquot. A fractional part of a specimen used for testing. It is taken as a sample representing the whole specimen.

Adulterated Specimen. A urine specimen containing a substance that is not a normal constituent or containing an endogenous substance at a concentration that is not a normal physiological concentration.

Calibrator. A solution of known concentration used to calibrate a measurement procedure or to compare the response obtained with the response of a test specimen/sample. The concentration of the analyte of interest in the calibrator is known within limits ascertained during its preparation. Calibrators may be used to establish a calibration curve over a range of interest.

Certifying Scientist. An individual with at least a bachelor's degree in the chemical or biological sciences or medical technology or equivalent who reviews all pertinent data and quality control results. The individual shall have training and experience in the theory and
practice of all methods and procedures used in the laboratory, including a thorough understanding of chain of custody procedures, quality control practices, and analytical procedures relevant to the results that the individual certifies. Relevant training and experience shall also include the review, interpretation, and reporting of test results; maintenance of chain of custody; and proper remedial action to be taken in response to test systems being out of control-limits or detecting aberrant test or quality control results.

Chain of Custody. Refers to the process used to document the handling and storage of a specimen.

Collection Site. A place designated by the agency where individuals present themselves for the purpose of providing a specimen of their urine to be analyzed for the presence of drugs.

Collector. A person who instructs and assists individuals at a collection site and who receives and makes an initial examination of the urine specimen provided by those individuals. A collector shall have successfully completed training to carry out this function.

Confirmatory Drug Test. A second analytical procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite which is independent of the initial test and which uses a different technique and chemical principle from that of the initial test in order to ensure reliability and accuracy. (At this time, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the only authorized confirmation method for cocaine, marijuana, opiates, amphetamines, and phencyclidine.)

Confirmatory Validity Test. A second test performed on a different aliquot of the original urine specimen to further support a validity test result.

Control. A sample used to monitor the status of an analysis to maintain its performance within desired limits.

Dilute Specimen. A urine specimen with creatinine and specific gravity values that are lower than expected for human urine.

Donor. The individual from whom a urine specimen is collected.

Federal Drug Testing Custody and Control Form (Federal CCF). The OMB-approved form used to document the handling and transfer of a specimen from the time of collection until receipt by the laboratory and used by the certifying scientist to certify the laboratory results.

Initial Drug Test (also known as Screening Test). An immunoassay test to eliminate "negative" urine specimens from

further consideration and to identify the presumptively positive specimens that require confirmation or further testing.
Initial Validity Test. The first test used to determine if a urine specimen is adulterated, dilute, or substituted.

Invalid Result. Refers to the result reported by a laboratory for a urine

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specimen that contains an unidentified adulterant, contains an unidentified interfering substance, has an abnormal physical characteristic, or has an endogenous substance at an abnormal concentration that prevents the laboratory from completing testing or obtaining a valid drug test result.

Laboratory Chain of Custody Form. The form(s) used by the testing laboratory to document the handling and security of the specimen and all aliquots of the specimens during testing and storage by the laboratory. The form, which may account for an entire laboratory test batch, shall include the names and signatures of all individuals who handled the specimens or aliquots and the date and purpose of the access.

Limit of Detection. The lowest concentration at which an analyte can be reliably shown to be present under defined conditions.

Limit of Quantitation. The lowest concentration at which an analyte can be reliably shown to be present and quantified under defined conditions.

Medical Review Officer (MRO). A licensed physician responsible for receiving laboratory results generated by an agency's drug testing program who has knowledge of substance abuse disorders and has appropriate medical training to interpret and evaluate an individual's test result together with his or her medical history and any other relevant biomedical information.

Non-Negative Specimen. A urine specimen that is reported as adulterated, substituted, positive (for a drug or drug metabolite), or invalid.

Oxidizing Adulterant. A substance that acts alone or in combination with other substances to oxidize drugs or drug metabolites to prevent the detection of the drugs or drug metabolites, or affects the reagents in either the initial or confirmatory drug test. Examples of these agents include, but are not limited to, nitrites, pyridinium chlorochromate, chromium (VI), bleach, iodine, halogens, peroxidase, and peroxide.

Quality Control Sample. A sample used to evaluate whether or not the analytical procedure is operating within predefined tolerance limits. Calibrators, controls, negative urine samples, and blind samples are collectively referred to as "quality control samples" and each as a "sample."

Reason to Believe. Reason to believe that a particular individual may alter or substitute the urine specimen as provided in section 4(c) of Executive Order 12564.

Sample. A representative portion of a urine specimen or quality control sample used for testing.

Secretary. The Secretary of Health and Human Services or the Secretary's designee. The Secretary's designee may be a contractor or other recognized organization which acts on behalf of the Secretary in implementing these Guidelines.

Specimen. The portion of urine that is collected from a donor.

Standard. A reference material of known purity or a solution containing a reference material at a known concentration.

Substituted Specimen. A urine specimen with creatinine and specific gravity values that are so diminished or so divergent that they are not consistent with normal human urine.

Section 1.3 Future Revisions

In order to ensure the full reliability and accuracy of drug assays, the accurate reporting of test results, and the integrity and efficacy of Federal drug testing programs, the Secretary may make changes to these Guidelines to reflect improvements in the available science and technology. These changes will be published in final as a notice in the Federal Register.

Subpart B--Scientific and Technical Requirements

Section 2.1 The Drugs

(a) The President's Executive Order 12564 defines "illegal drugs" as those included in Schedule I or II of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), but not when used pursuant to a valid prescription or when used as otherwise authorized by law. Hundreds of drugs are covered under Schedule I and II and while it is not feasible to test routinely for all of them, Federal drug testing programs shall test for drugs as follows:

(1) Federal agency applicant and random drug testing programs shall, at a minimum, test urine specimens for marijuana and cocaine;

(2) Federal agency applicant and random drug testing programs may also test urine specimens for opiates, amphetamines, and phencyclidine;

(3) When conducting reasonable suspicion, post accident, or unsafe practice testing, a Federal agency may have a urine specimen tested for any drug listed in Schedule I or II of the CSA; and

(4) Federal agency drug testing programs shall have validity tests performed on urine specimens, as provided under section 2.4(g). (b) Any agency covered by these guidelines shall petition the Secretary in writing for approval to include in its testing protocols any drugs (or classes of drugs) not listed for Federal agency testing in paragraph (a) of this section. Such approval shall be limited to the use of the appropriate science and technology and shall not otherwise limit agency discretion to test for any drugs covered under Schedule I or II of the CSA.

(c) Urine specimens collected pursuant to Executive Order 12564, Public Law 100-71, and these Guidelines shall not be used for any other analysis or test unless authorized by an agency's drug-free workplace program.

(d) These Guidelines are not intended to limit any agency which is specifically authorized by law to include additional categories of drugs in the drug testing of its own employees or employees in its regulated industries.

Section 2.2 Specimen Collection Procedures

(a) Designation of Collection Site. An agency drug testing program shall have one or more designated collection sites which have all necessary personnel, materials, equipment, facilities, and supervision to provide for the collection, security, temporary storage, and shipping or transportation of urine specimens to a certified drug testing laboratory.

(b) Security. A collection site must be secure. If a collection site facility is dedicated solely to urine collection, it shall be secure at all times. If a facility cannot be dedicated solely to drug testing, the portion of the facility used for collecting specimens shall be secured during the time a specimen is collected.

(c) Chain of Custody. A Federal CCF shall be properly completed by a collector for each urine specimen collected for a Federal agency to document the collection of the specimen and the transfer of the specimen to the laboratory for testing.

(d) Access to Authorized Personnel Only. No unauthorized personnel shall be permitted in any part of the designated collection site when urine specimens are collected or stored.

(e) Privacy. The procedure for collecting a urine specimen shall allow individual privacy unless there is reason to believe that a particular donor may alter or substitute the specimen to be provided.

(f) Integrity and Identity of Specimen. The collector shall take the following minimum precautions to ensure that a urine specimen is correctly documented as being provided by a specific donor and that the donor has not adulterated, substituted, or diluted the specimen:

(1) To deter the dilution of a specimen at the collection site, a toilet bluing

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agent shall be placed in a toilet tank wherever possible, so the reservoir of water in the toilet bowl always remains blue. There shall be no other source of water (e.g., no shower or sink) in the enclosure where urination occurs.

(2) When a donor arrives at the collection site, the collector shall request the donor to present photo identification. If the donor does not have proper photo identification, the collector shall contact the supervisor of the donor, the coordinator of the drug testing program, or any other agency official who can positively identify the donor. If the donor's identity cannot be established, the collector shall not proceed with the collection.

(3) If the donor fails to arrive at the assigned time or if the donor fails to remain present through the completion of the collection, the collector shall contact the appropriate authority to obtain guidance on the action to be taken.

(4) The collector shall ask the donor to remove any unnecessary outer garments such as a coat or jacket that might conceal items or substances that could be used to tamper with or adulterate the donor's urine specimen. The collector shall ensure that all personal belongings such as a purse or briefcase remain with the outer garments. The donor may retain his or her wallet. The collector directs the donor to empty his or her pockets and display the items to ensure that no items are present that could be used to adulterate the specimen. If nothing is there that can be used to adulterate a specimen, the donor places the items back into the pockets and the collection procedure continues. If the donor refuses to show the collector the items in his or her pockets, this is considered a "refusal to test." If an item is found that appears to have been brought to the collection site with the intent to adulterate the specimen, a direct observation collection procedure is used. If the item appears to be inadvertently brought to the collection site, the collector shall secure the item and continue with the normal collection procedure.

(5) The donor shall be instructed to wash and dry his or her hands prior to urination.

(6) After washing hands, the donor shall remain in the presence of the collector and shall not have access to any water fountain, faucet, soap dispenser, cleaning agent, or any other materials which could be used to adulterate the specimen.

(7) The collector shall give the donor a clean specimen bottle or specimen collection container. The donor may provide his/her specimen in the privacy of a stall or otherwise partitioned area that allows for individual privacy.

(8) The collector shall note any unusual behavior or appearance on the Federal CCF.

(9) In the exceptional event that an agency-designated collection site is not accessible and there is an immediate requirement for specimen collection (e.g., an accident investigation), a public rest room may be used according to the following procedures: A person of the same gender as the donor shall accompany the donor into the public rest room which shall be made secure during the collection procedure. If possible, a toilet bluing agent shall be placed in the bowl and any accessible toilet tank. The collector shall remain in the rest room, but outside the stall, until the specimen is collected. If no bluing agent is available to deter specimen dilution, the collector shall instruct the donor not to flush the toilet until the specimen is delivered to the collector. After the collector has possession of the specimen, the donor will be instructed to flush the toilet and to participate with the collector in completing the chain of custody procedures.

(10) Upon receiving the specimen from the donor, the collector shall determine the volume of urine in the specimen bottle/container.

(i) If the volume is at least 30 milliliters (mL), the collector will proceed with step (11) below.

(ii) If the volume is less than 30 mL and the temperature is within the acceptable range specified in step (13) below, the specimen is discarded and a second specimen shall be collected. The donor may be given a reasonable amount of liquid to drink for this purpose (e.g., an 8 ounce glass of water every 30 minutes, but not to exceed a maximum of 24 ounces). If the donor fails for any reason to provide 30 mL of urine for the second specimen collected, the collector shall contact the appropriate authority to obtain guidance on the action to be taken.

(iii) If the volume is less than 30 mL and the temperature is outside the acceptable range specified in step (13) below, a second specimen shall be collected using the procedure specified in step (13) below.